What Are The Nails Used To Fasten Cable To Walls Called?

Sharp object of hard metal used equally a fastener

Blast

A metal nail
Classification	Fastener
Used with	Wood, concrete

In woodworking and structure, a boom is a minor object made of metal (or wood, called a tree nail or "trunnel") which is used as a fastener, equally a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration.^[one] Generally, nails have a sharp point on one terminate and a flattened head on the other, but headless nails are available. Nails are made in a peachy variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most mutual is a wire nail. Other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, spikes, and cleats.

Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer or pneumatic nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction and shear strength laterally. The point of the nail is also sometimes aptitude over or clinched after driving to forestall pulling out.

History [edit]

The history of the smash is divided roughly into iii distinct periods:

• Mitt-wrought (forged) nail (pre-history until 19th century)
• Cut nail (roughly 1800 to 1914)
• Wire nail (roughly 1860 to the present)

From the late 1700s to the mid-1900s, blast prices fell by a cistron of 10; since then nail prices accept increased slightly, reflecting in part an upturn in materials prices and a shift toward specialty nails.^[2]

Hand wrought [edit]

Boat nail production in Hainan, Cathay

The Bible provides a number of references to nails, including the story in Judges of Jael the married woman of Heber, who drives a nail (or tent-peg) into the temple of a sleeping Canaanite commander;^[3] the provision of iron for nails past King David for what would become Solomon's Temple;^[4] and in connectedness with the crucifixion of Christ.

The Romans made all-encompassing use of nails. The Roman regular army, for example, left behind seven tons of nails when it evacuated the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire in the United kingdom in 86 to 87 CE.

The term "penny", as it refers to nails, probably originated in medieval England to describe the price of a hundred nails. Nails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be used as an informal medium of substitution.

Until around 1800 artisans known as nailers or nailors made nails past paw – note the surname Naylor.^[five] (Workmen called slitters cut upwardly iron bars to a suitable size for nailers to work on. From the late 16th century, manual slitters disappeared with the rising of the slitting factory, which cut bars of iron into rods with an even cross-section, saving much manual effort.)

At the fourth dimension of the American Revolution, England was the largest manufacturer of nails in the world.^[six] Nails were expensive and difficult to obtain in the American colonies, so that abased houses were sometimes deliberately burned downwardly to allow recovery of used nails from the ashes.^[vii] This became such a problem in Virginia that a law was created to cease people from burning their houses when they moved.^[eight] Families often had small nail-manufacturing setups in their homes; during bad weather and at dark, the unabridged family might piece of work at making nails for their own utilize and for barter. Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter: "In our private pursuits information technology is a peachy advantage that every honest employment is deemed honorable. I am myself a nail maker."^[ix] The growth of the trade in the American colonies was theoretically held back by the prohibition of new slitting mills in America by the Fe Deed of 1750, though there is no prove that the Act was actually enforced.

The product of wrought-iron nails connected well into the 19th century, simply ultimately was reduced to nails for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including horseshoe nails.

Cut [edit]

The slitting factory, introduced to England in 1590, simplified the product of nail rods, but the real first efforts to mechanise the blast-making process itself occurred between 1790 and 1820, initially in the The states and England, when various machines were invented to automate and speed up the process of making nails from bars of wrought iron. As well in Sweden in the early 1700s Christopher Polhem produced a nail cutting machine as office of his automated factory.^[10] These nails were known as cutting nails or square nails considering of their roughly rectangular cross section. Cut nails were one of the important factors in the increase in balloon framing beginning in the 1830s and thus the pass up of timber framing with wooden joints.^[eleven] Though however used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such every bit attaching boards to masonry walls, cutting nails are much less common today than wire nails.

The cut-nail procedure was patented in America by Jacob Perkins in 1795 and in England past Joseph Dyer, who set up machinery in Birmingham. The process was designed to cut nails from sheets of iron, while making sure that the fibres of the iron ran down the nails. The Birmingham manufacture expanded in the following decades, and reached its greatest extent in the 1860s, after which it declined due to contest from wire nails, only continued until the outbreak of Earth War I.^[12]

Wire [edit]

Wire nails are formed from wire. Unremarkably coils of wire are fatigued through a series of dies to reach a specific diameter, then cut into short rods that are then formed into nails. The nail tip is usually cut by a blade; the caput is formed by reshaping the other cease of the rod under loftier pressure. Other dies are used to cut grooves and ridges. Wire nails were also known as "French nails" for their country of origin.^[13] Belgian wire nails began to compete in England in 1863. Joseph Henry Nettlefold was making wire nails at Smethwick by 1875.^[12] Over the following decades, the nail-making process was almost completely automated. Somewhen the industry had machines capable of quickly producing huge numbers of inexpensive nails with piffling or no man intervention.^[14]

With the introduction of cheap wire nails, the utilize of wrought iron for nail making quickly declined, as more slowly did the production of cut nails. In the United States, in 1892 more steel-wire nails were produced than cut nails. In 1913, 90% of manufactured nails were wire nails. Nails went from being rare and precious to being a cheap mass-produced commodity. Today near all nails are manufactured from wire, but the term "wire boom" has come up to refer to smaller nails, frequently bachelor in a wider, more than precise range of gauges than is typical for larger common and finish nails.

Materials [edit]

Nails were formerly fabricated of bronze or wrought atomic number 26 and were crafted by blacksmiths and nailors. These crafts people used a heated foursquare iron rod that they forged before they hammered the sides which formed a bespeak. Afterwards reheating and cutting off, the blacksmith or nailor inserted the hot nail into an opening and hammered it.^[fifteen] Later on new means of making nails was created using machines to sheer the nails before wiggling the bar sideways to produce a shank. For case, the Type A cut nails were sheared from an atomic number 26 bar type guillotine using early machinery. This method was slightly altered until the 1820s when new heads on the nails' ends were pounded via a separate mechanical nail heading machine. In the 1810s, fe bars were flipped over after each stroke while the cutter ready was at an angle. Every nail was then sheared off of taper allowing for an automated grip of each nail which besides formed their heads.^[15] Type B nails were created this mode. In 1886, 10 per centum of the nails that were made in the United States were of the soft steel wire diversity and by 1892, steel wire nails overtook atomic number 26 cut nails as the main blazon of nails that were being produced. In 1913, wire nails were xc percent of all nails that were produced.^[15]

Today's nails are typically made of steel, often dipped or coated to prevent corrosion in harsh conditions or to ameliorate adhesion. Ordinary nails for wood are ordinarily of a soft, low-carbon or "mild" steel (well-nigh 0.1% carbon, the balance iron and peradventure a trace of silicon or manganese). Nails for physical are harder, with 0.5–0.75% carbon.^{[ citation needed ]}

Types [edit]

Different types of nails:
1) roofing
two) umbrella head roofing
three) contumely escutcheon pin
iv) finish
5) concrete
half dozen) spiral-shank
vii) ring-shank (a used, bent "gun" nail, with barbs left over from the tool's feed organisation)

A capped nail for weather condition wrap

Types of nail include:

• Aluminum nails – Fabricated of aluminum in many shapes and sizes for utilise with aluminum architectural metals
• Box nail – like a mutual nail just with a thinner shank and head
• Brads are small, thin, tapered, nails with a lip or project to ane side rather than a full head^[16] or a small finish nail^[17]
  • Floor brad ('stigs') – flat, tapered and athwart, for use in fixing flooring boards
  • Oval brad – Ovals utilize the principles of fracture mechanics to allow nailing without splitting. Highly anisotropic materials like regular forest (as opposed to forest composites) tin can hands be wedged apart. Use of an oval perpendicular to the wood's grain cuts the wood fibers rather than wedges them apart, and thus allows fastening without splitting, even shut to edges
  • Console pins
• Tacks or Tintacks are brusk, sharp pointed nails oft used with carpeting, fabric and paper^[xviii] Normally cut from sheet steel (every bit opposed to wire); the tack is used in upholstery, shoe making and saddle manufacture. The triangular shape of the smash's cross section gives greater grip and less violent of materials such as material and leather compared to a wire smash.
  • Brass tack – contumely tacks are commonly used where corrosion may be an outcome, such as furniture where contact with human pare salts will cause corrosion on steel nails
  • Canoe tack – A clinching (or clenching) nail. The nail indicate is tapered so that it can be turned dorsum on itself using a clinching iron.^[nineteen] It then bites back into the wood from the side reverse the nail'south head, forming a rivet-like fastening.^[xx]
  • Clench-nails used in building dissidence boats.^[21]
  • Shoe tack – A clinching nail (see higher up) for clinching leather and sometimes wood, formerly used for handmade shoes.^[22]
  • Carpet tack
  • Upholstery tacks – used to attach coverings to furniture
  • Thumbtack (or "push-pin" or "drawing-pin") are lightweight pins used to secure newspaper or cardboard.
• Casing nails – take a head that is smoothly tapered, in comparing to the "stepped" head of a finish nail. When used to install casing effectually windows or doors, they allow the forest to be pried off later with minimal impairment when repairs are needed, and without the need to paring the face up of the casing in order to grab and extract the nail. In one case the casing has been removed, the nails can be extracted from the inner frame with whatsoever of the usual boom pullers
• Clout nail – a covering nail
• Roll nail – nails designed for use in a pneumatic nail gun assembled in coils
• Common boom – smooth shank, wire nail with a heavy, apartment head. The typical nail for framing
• Convex head (nipple head, springhead) covering nail – an umbrella shaped head with a prophylactic gasket for fastening metal roofing, normally with a ring shank
• Copper nail – nails made of copper for use with copper flashing or slate shingles etc.
• D-caput (clipped head) nail – a mutual or box nail with function of the head removed for some pneumatic boom guns
• Double-ended blast – a rare type of blast with points on both ends and the "head" in the heart for joining boards together. See this patent. Similar to a dowel boom but with a head on the shank.
• Double-headed (duplex, formwork, shutter, scaffold) nail – used for temporary nailing; nails can hands pulled for subsequently disassembly
• Dowel nail – a double pointed boom without a "head" on the shank, a slice of round steel sharpened on both ends
• Drywall (plasterboard) smash – brusque, hardened, ring-shank boom with a very thin head
• Fiber cement nail – a blast for installing fiber cement siding
• Cease boom (bullet head nail, lost-head nail) – A wire blast with a minor head intended to be minimally visible or driven below the woods surface and the hole filled to exist invisible
• Gang nail – a boom plate
• Hardboard pin – a small boom for fixing hardboard or thin plywood, often with a square shank
• Horseshoe nail – nails used to concord horseshoes on hoofs
• Joist hanger boom – special nails rated for use with joist hangers and similar brackets. Sometimes called "Teco nails" (1+ 1⁄2 × .148 shank nails used in metallic connectors such as hurricane ties)
• Lost-head blast – run into finish nail
• Masonry (concrete) – lengthwise fluted, hardened nail for use in concrete
• Oval wire nail – nails with an oval shank
• Panel pivot
• Gutter spike – Big long smash intended to concord wooden gutters and some metal gutters in identify at the lesser edge of a roof
• Ring (annular, improved, jagged) shank nail – nails that have ridges circling the shank to provide extra resistance to pulling out
• Covering (clout) nail – by and large a short nail with a broad caput used with cobblestone shingles, felt newspaper or the like
• Spiral (helical) nail – a nail with a spiral shank - uses including flooring and assembling pallets
• Shake (shingle) nail – minor headed nails to use for nailing shakes and shingles
• Sprig – a modest smash with either a headless, tapered shank or a foursquare shank with a caput on ane side.^[23] Commonly used past glaziers to fix a drinking glass aeroplane into a wooden frame.
• Square nail – a cut nail
• T-head blast – shaped like the letter T
• Veneer pivot
• Wire (French) nail – a full general term for a smash with a circular shank. These are sometimes chosen French nails from their country of invention
• Wire-weld collated nail – nails held together with slender wires for use in blast guns

Sizes [edit]

Most countries, except the Usa, utilize a metric system for describing blast sizes. A fifty × iii.0 indicates a nail l mm long (not including the head) and 3 mm in diameter. Lengths are rounded to the nearest millimetre.

For example, finishing smash* sizes typically available from German suppliers are:

Length	Bore
mm	mm
xx	1.two
25	i.four
30	1.6
35	ane.six
35	1.8
twoscore	two.0
45	2.2
l	2.2
55	2.2
55	two.v
60	2.5
lx	2.viii
65	2.eight
65	iii.1
70	3.1
80	iii.1
80	iii.4
90	three.4
90	3.8
100	3.8
100	iv.2
110	4.2
120	4.2
130	4.six
140	5.5
160	5.v
180	six.0
210	seven.0

• Drahtstift mit Senkkopf (Stahl, DIN 1151)

United States penny sizes [edit]

In the United States, the length of a nail is designated by its penny size.

penny size	length (inches)	length (nearest mm)
2d	1	25
3d	1+ one⁄4	32
4d	one+ 1⁄2	38
5d	1+ 3⁄4	44
6d	2	51
7d	2+ 1⁄4	57
8d	2+ 1⁄2	65
9d	ii+ 3⁄iv	seventy
10d	3	76
12d	3+ ane⁄iv	83
16d	iii+ 1⁄two	89
20d	4	102
30d	4+ one⁄2	115
40d	five	127
50d	5+ one⁄2	140
60d	6	152

Terminology [edit]

• Box: a wire blast with a head; box nails have a smaller shank than mutual nails of the aforementioned size
• Bright: no surface coating; not recommended for weather exposure or acidic or treated lumber
• Casing: a wire nail with a slightly larger head than finish nails; oft used for flooring
• CC or Coated: "cement coated"; nail coated with adhesive, likewise known as cement or mucilage, for greater belongings power; too resin- or vinyl-coated; coating melts from friction when driven to help lubricate and so adheres when cool; color varies by manufacturer (tan, pinkish, are common)
• Common: a common construction wire nail with a disk-shaped head that is typically 3 to 4 times the diameter of the shank: common nails have larger shanks than box nails of the same size
• Cut: motorcar-made square nails. At present used for masonry and historical reproduction or restoration
• Duplex: a common nail with a second head, allowing for like shooting fish in a barrel extraction; oft used for temporary work, such every bit physical forms or forest scaffolding; sometimes called a "scaffold nail"
• Drywall: a specialty blued-steel blast with a thin broad head used to fasten gypsum wallboard to wooden framing members
• Finish: a wire nail that has a head only slightly larger than the shank; can be easily concealed by countersinking the smash slightly below the finished surface with a boom-set and filling the resulting void with a filler (putty, spackle, caulk, etc.)
• Forged: handmade nails (usually square), hot-forged by a blacksmith or nailor, often used in historical reproduction or restoration, ordinarily sold as collectors items
• Galvanized: treated for resistance to corrosion and/or conditions exposure
  • Electrogalvanized: provides a smooth end with some corrosion resistance
  • Hot-dip galvanized: provides a rough finish that deposits more zinc than other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance that is suitable for some acidic and treated lumber;
  • Mechanically galvanized: deposits more zinc than electrogalvanizing for increased corrosion resistance
• Head: round apartment metal piece formed at the summit of the nail; for increased holding power
• Helix: the smash has a square shank that has been twisted, making it very hard to pull out; frequently used in decking so they are unremarkably galvanized; sometimes chosen decking nails
• Length: altitude from the bottom of the head to the point of a nail
• Phosphate-coated: a dark grey to black finish providing a surface that binds well with paint and joint compound and minimal corrosion resistance
• Betoken: sharpened end contrary the "head" for greater ease in driving
• Pole barn: long shank (2+ ane⁄2 in to viii in, half dozen cm to xx cm), band shank (see below), hardened nails; normally oil quenched or galvanized (see above); commonly used in the construction of wood framed, metallic buildings (pole barns)
• Ring shank: small directional rings on the shank to prevent the blast from working back out once driven in; common in drywall, floor, and pole barn nails
• Shank: the body the length of the nail betwixt the head and the indicate; may exist smooth, or may have rings or spirals for greater property power
• Sinker: these are the most common nails used in framing today; same thin bore as a box smash; cement coated (see above); the bottom of the head is tapered like a wedge or funnel and the top of the head is grid embossed to keep the hammer strike from sliding off
• Fasten: a large nail; normally over 4 in (100 mm) long
• Spiral: a twisted wire smash; spiral nails take smaller shanks than common nails of the same size

In fine art and religion [edit]

Nails have been used in art, such as the Nail Men—a form of fundraising common in Germany and Austria during World War I.

Before the 1850s bocce and pétanque boules were wooden balls, sometimes partially reinforced with hand-forged nails. When inexpensive, plentiful machine-made nails became available, manufacturers began to produce the boule cloutée—a wooden core studded with nails to create an all-metal surface. Nails of different metals and colors (steel, brass, and copper) were used to create a wide variety of designs and patterns. Some of the one-time boules cloutées are genuine works of art and valued collector'south items.

In one case nails became cheap and widely bachelor, they were oftentimes used in folk fine art and outsider art as a method of decorating a surface with metal studs. Another mutual artistic use is the construction of sculpture from welded or brazed nails.

Nails were sometimes inscribed with incantations or signs intended for religious or mystical do good, used at shrines or on the doors of houses for protection.^[24]

• 

  Roman bronze nails with magical signs and inscriptions, 3rd–4th century AD.

See also [edit]

• Date nail - a tagging device utilized by railroads to visually identify the age of a railroad tie
• Denailer - a tool that removes used nails
• Nails (1979 moving picture)
• Rail spike
• Screw
• Truss connector plate

References [edit]

1. ^ Blast Ii. def. iv.a. Oxford English Lexicon Second Edition on CD-ROM (5. 4.0) © Oxford Academy Press 2009.
2. ^ Sichel, Daniel Due east. (Dec 2021). "The Price of Nails since 1695: A Window into Economic Modify". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w29617. S2CID 245712757.
3. ^ Bible, Judges 4:21: "So Jael Heber'due south wife took a smash of the tent, and took a hammer in her manus, and went softly unto him, and smote the blast into his temples, and attached it into the ground: for he was fast asleep and weary. Then he died."
4. ^ Bible, one Chronicles 22:3: "And David prepared iron in affluence for the nails for the doors of the gates, and for the joinings; and brass in abundance without weight[.]
5. ^ Hanks, Patrick; Hodges, Flavia (1988). A dictionary of surnames . Oxford: Oxford academy Press. p. 384. ISBN0192115928. Naylor [...]: occupational name for a maker of nails [...].
6. ^ Wenkart, Michael (2014). 50 scientific discoveries that changed the world. Books on Demand. p. 221. ISBN978-3735724991.
7. ^ Temin, Peter. Iron and Steel in Nineteenth-Century America: An Economic Enquiry. p. 42 web.
8. ^ "The Blacksmith in Colonial Virginia".
9. ^ "Thomas Jefferson letter to Jean Nicolas Démeunier". Quotes Database. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10.
10. ^ Teknologföreningen, Svenska (1963). "Christopher Polhem, the Father of Swedish Technology".
11. ^ Kirby, Richard Shelton. Engineering in history. 1956. Reprint. New York: Dover Publications, 1990. 325. ISBN 0486264122
12. ^ ^{a b} G. Sjögren (2013). "The rise and refuse of the Birmingham cut-boom trade, c. 1811–1914". Midland History. 38 (1): 36–57. doi:x.1179/0047729X13Z.00000000016. S2CID 153675934.
13. ^ Notes on Building Construction. Part Three. Materials. London, Oxford, and Cambridge: Rivingtons. 1879. p. 441.
14. ^ "A New English Nail Machine". Hardware. seven Feb 1890. Retrieved 19 Apr 2013.
15. ^ ^{a b c} Visser, Thomas D. "Nails: Clues to a Building's History". University of Vermont. Academy of Vermont. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
16. ^ Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin E. (1901). Brad def. 1. The Century dictionary and cyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Century Co. pp. 654–655.
17. ^ Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2011). Brad def. one. Architect'due south illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press. p. 56.
18. ^ Whitney, William Dwight; Smith, Benjamin E. (1901). Tack def. 1. The Century lexicon and cyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Century Co.
19. ^ "Tools - Northwoods Canoe Co". wooden-canoes.com.
20. ^ "Faering Design, copper nails, roves, and fasteners". world wide web.faeringdesigninc.com.
21. ^ "Heritage Gateway - Results". www.heritagegateway.org.uk.
22. ^ "Itemize" (PDF). shakerovalbox.com.
23. ^ Sprig. def. one. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford Academy Printing. 2009.
24. ^ Bronze nails with magical signs and inscriptions; Roman, 3rd-4th century Ad. British Museum info card for item "BM Cat Bronzes 3191, 3193, 3192, 3194": British Museum. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

Further reading [edit]

• Sichel, Daniel E. (2022-02). "The Price of Nails since 1695: A Window into Economical Change". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 36 (one): 125–150.

External links [edit]

• Great britain DIY site - description of different types of nails
• Us DIY site - clarification of different nails
• Nail forging movie

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_%28fastener%29

Posted by: richcrom1994.blogspot.com

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